What is stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor that develops in the lining of the stomach. It is one of the most common types of cancer in the world, characterized by abnormal cell growth and the ability to spread to other organs in the body, such as the liver and lungs. Stomach cancer can develop in different parts of the stomach and sometimes even involve the lower part of the esophagus. The most common type is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for about 90% of all stomach cancers. Other forms include gastric lymphomas, neuroendocrine and stromal tumors.

Gastric cancer is often asymptomatic in the early stages, which makes early diagnosis difficult. Its development is often associated with chronic inflammation, Helicobacter pylori infection and genetic factors. There is a proven link between dietary habits, such as excessive consumption of salt and smoked products, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. A diet low in fruit and vegetables may also contribute to risk.

Although historically more common, stomach cancer has declined today thanks to improved hygiene and treatment options for Helicobacter pylori.

Stomach cancer causes and risk factors

The development of stomach cancer is influenced by several factors, which can be both genetic and related to lifestyle and environment.

Genetic factors

Genetic predisposition is an important risk factor for gastric cancer. Stomach cancer is more common in some families, indicating a possible hereditary predisposition. Genetic mutations, such as a mutation in the CDH1 gene, can increase the risk of a diffuse form of stomach cancer. Genetic counseling and regular testing are recommended for people with a family history. In addition to CDH1, other genes such as APC and MLH1 may also be associated with increased risk.

Environmental and lifestyle factors

Lifestyle factors such as diet and smoking significantly affect the risk of stomach cancer. A diet rich in salt, smoked and canned products can contribute to the development of this disease. Smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection are the main risk factors. Alcohol consumption, especially in large quantities, also increases the risk of stomach cancer.

Stomach cancer symptoms

Stomach cancer symptoms can be non-specific and often appear only in the advanced stages of the disease. The most common symptoms are:

• Abdominal pain: pain or discomfort in the stomach area.
• Eating difficulties: difficulty swallowing food or a feeling of fullness after a small amount of food.
• Weight loss: unexplained weight loss without diet changes.
• Nausea and vomiting: often associated with indigestion.
• Anemia: tiredness and pale skin due to blood loss.
• The presence of blood in the stool: dark or black stools.

If these symptoms appear, it is important to see a doctor immediately.

Diagnosis of stomach cancer

Stomach cancer is diagnosed using several methods.

• Endoscopy and biopsy: endoscopy is the main method, involving the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera through the mouth. If suspicious areas are found, a biopsy is performed.
• Imaging methods: computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help determine the spread of the tumor. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan assesses the biological activity of the tumor.
• Serological tests and molecular diagnostics: serological tests and molecular diagnostics help detect gastric cancer at an early stage.

Stomach cancer stages

Stomach cancer stages indicate the degree of spread of the disease.

• Stage I: the tumor is confined to the gastric mucosa.
• Stage II: the tumor may have spread to deeper layers of the stomach.
• Stage III: the tumor has spread to the muscle layers or outside the stomach.
• Stage IV: the tumor has metastasized to distant organs.

Treatment options for stomach cancer

Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and the general condition of the patient.

• Surgical methods: mainline therapy for early-stage gastric cancer. A partial or total gastrectomy can be performed.
• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy: used to kill cancer cells after or before surgery.

Lifestyle changes and support for patients with gastric cancer

It is important for patients to make lifestyle changes and receive support.

• Dietary advice: it is recommended to eat in small portions, avoid fatty and spicy foods.
• Psychological support and rehabilitation: Counseling with a psychologist or support groups can help manage emotional stress.
• Prevention and early detection: prevention and early detection are essential factors in reducing mortality.
• Regular medical examinations: regular check-ups are recommended for people at high risk.
• Lifestyle changes and nutritional recommendations: it is recommended to reduce the consumption of salt and increase the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for stomach cancer is essential to reducing the impact of the disease and improving patients' quality of life.